Trends of preeclampsia/eclampsia and maternal and neonatal outcomes among women delivering in Addis Ababa selected government hospitals, Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction: the burden of preeclampsia has been a major concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Preeclampsia is associated with substantial maternal complications, both acute and long-term. The aim of this research was to determine the magnitude and trends of preeclampsia/ eclampsia, maternal complications, and neonatal complications among women delivering babies at selected government hospitals in Ethiopia. Methods: data were collected retrospectively by reviewing the five-year medical records for 2009 to 2013, using data abstraction tools, to identify mothers with preeclampsia/eclampsia. A total of 1,809 cases were reviewed for general characteristics of the mother, delivery details, and any complications. Descriptive analyses were employed. In addition, extended Mantel Haenszel chi square for linear trend was used to check for significance of the trends. Results: the five year average proportion of preeclampsia/eclampsia was 4.2% (95%CI 4.02%, 4.4%). The proportion of women with preeclampsia was 2.2% in 2009 and increased to 5.58% in 2013 (p<0.001), which was a 154% increase. Of the 1,809 mothers with preeclampsia/eclampsia, 36% (95%CI 33.85%, 38.28%) experienced at least one maternal complication; there was an increase of 26.5% (p<0.01) over the five year period. The main complications were HELLP (variant of preeclampsia with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome, 257 (39.5%); aspiration pneumonia, 114 (17.5%); pulmonary edema, 114 (17.5%); and abruption placentae, 100 (15.3%). At least one neonatal complication occurred in 66.4% (95%CI 64.24%, 68.59%) of deliveries during the five-year study. A decreasing trend in neonatal complications was observed from 2009 (76%) to 2013 (66%), which showed a percentage change over time of negative 13.2%. The most common neonatal complications were stillbirths, which accounted for 363 (30.2%); prematurity, with 395 (32.8%); respiratory distress syndrome, with 456 (37.9%); and low birth weight, with 363 (30.2%). Conclusion: there was an increasing trend of preeclampsia/eclampsia and maternal complications over a five year period in selected maternity governmental hospitals. In contrast, neonatal complications experienced a significant decrease over the five-year period. It is essential to raise awareness among mothers in the community regarding early signs and symptoms of preeclampsia/eclampsia and to design a better tracking system for antenatal care programs.